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Strategies to develop early reading fluency

In order to read fluently children have to employ many skills.

The ability to read high frequency words with automaticity is key to developing confidence and fluency and is a skill that children with the specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia find particularly challenging.  It is essential that these children are given many opportunities to overlearn in a multisensory way.

Reading walls can be used to record the words that a child is learning to read.  Teach the child the word using a flash card, using tracking exercises, by highlighting the tricky part etc.  Review regularly using flash cards and tick the word on the reading wall each time the word is read by the child without hesitation.  When a word has 5 ticks by it, date it and highlight it as known.  Every so often, revise previously learnt words to ensure that they have been retained.  If the word has been forgotten, re-teach.  The reading wall should soon have a mix of known, partially known and new words on it at one time.

Good readers use a range of strategies when reading text.  Children who are learning to read or who are having difficulties acquiring this skill, often get 'stuck' when they rely on one or two strategies only.  Children need to be taught these different methods in guided reading sessions or when heard by an adult.  Using a miscue analysis (or running record) will help you analyse the strategies a child uses. 

Once a child has been taught to read a high frequency word, they need to be taught to read it rapidly and without hesitation in order to improve reading fluency.  For children with a specific learning difficulty (including dyslexic type difficulties), this often requires overlearning.

Speed reading sheets are designed to allow additional practice.  Write approximately 5 words that you have taught the child.  Repeat these randomly across the grid.  Ask the child to read the words in the grid (tracking across the grid as they would in reading) as quickly as they can.  Record their time.  The grid can be used as part of the child's homework with a parent timing.  Challenge the child to beat their previous time.  Change the words regularly as new words are learned.

Games make overlearning fun and increase the likelihood of new learning to 'stick'.  Try using a ‘4 in a row’ grid e.g. it can be used when reading flash cards to increase reading fluency.  Play with pairs of children who have their own coloured set of counters.  Every time a child reads the word correctly, they place a counter on the grid.  The children take turns.  The first child to get four of their counters in a row, is the winner.  If a child is playing with an adult, it can be adapted so that the adult can only place a counter on the grid if the child makes an error.  Hopefully this will increase the chance of the child winning!

Blank Four in a Row Game


Identifying Difficulties with Reading

Reading is a complex skill which most children learn relatively easily.  For some children it is a skill that they learn with great difficulty.

The model of reading found in the Rose review is a helpful one.  It divides readers into four main groups.  Children with a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia, have difficulty decoding due to weaker phonological skills and memory, resulting in poor scores in single word reading tests.  Often, but not always, they have better reading comprehension although their reading accuracy can impact negatively on this.  Some children have overlapping difficulties such as speech and language delays or disorders, which can also affect their reading comprehension abilities.

Click on the simple view of reading tab to download a copy, which is based on the model discussed by Sir Jim Rose.  If you are a class teacher, why not place the children's names in your class in the four sections?  Use this as a starting point to help you meet their needs.

Simple view of Reading

SpLD assessments with instructions are available online for reading phonics and high frequency words as well as running record.


Teaching Phonics through Onset and Rime

Onset and rime is a method that can be used to teach children to decode phonically regular words.  Whilst most children in school learn to decode using the synthetic phonic approach (which is now used widely in UK schools) some children find this difficult and make slower progress.

Onset and rime is an approach widely used by specialist Specific Learning Difficulties teachers as it lessens the load on a child's working memory and is the stage that comes before phoneme blending in a child's phonological development.  Children with a specific learning difficulty such as dyslexia, have a weakness in their underlying phonological abilities and often have memory difficulties.

With CVC words the onset is the first part of the word such as 'c' for the word cat and the rime is at.  The rime contains the vowel and the part after it.  This approach divides the word up into larger chunks so the child has to hold less information in their working memory.  This means that they are more likely to blend the word successfully.

Specialist teachers teach onset and rime in word families so that a child can use analogy to help them remember which words have the same rime.  For example, the grapheme 'ai' could be taught as the rime 'ain' - pain, paint, main, gain, rain, train.  Multi-sensory methods are used to make the new learning 'stick'.

Alternatively try 'Word Maps' by Margaret Bevan - Partners in Education as a resource for older learners.

You can download the free resources Onset and Rime Cards and Guide to Teaching Word Family which may help.

Page was last updated on: 05/03/2021 12:14:39

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